This data set provides vegetation cover and environmental plot data collected on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO), Barrow, Alaska in 2012. Forty-eight 1 x 1 m plots were established in homogenous plant communities along two perpendicular transects across ice wedge polygon geomorphic features on the BEO. Plots were distinguished as to their location within the polygons as center, edge, or trough. Vegetation data were originally collected by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiment (NGEE) Arctic Project as part of a larger study to understand the response of Arctic terrestrial ecosystems to climate change.