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Description

These data are the Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes Version-2c (GSSTF2c) Dataset recently produced through a MEaSUREs funded project led by Dr. Chung-Lin Shie (UMBC/GEST, NASA/GSFC), converted to HDF-EOS5 format. The stewardship of this HDF-EOS5 dataset is part of the MEaSUREs project.

GSSTF version 2b (Shie et al. 2010, Shie et al. 2009) generally agreed better with available ship measurements obtained from several field experiments in 1999 than GSSTF2 (Chou et al. 2003) did in all three flux components, i.e., latent heat flux [LHF], sensible heat flux [SHF], and wind stress [WST] (Shie 2010a,b). GSSTF2b was also found favorable, particularly for LHF and SHF, in an intercomparison study that accessed eleven products of ocean surface turbulent fluxes, in which GSSTF2 and GSSTF2b were also included (Brunke et al. 2011). However, a temporal trend appeared in the globally averaged LHF of GSSTF2b, particularly post year 2000. Shie (2010a,b) attributed the LHF trend to the trends originally found in the globally averaged SSM/I Tb's, i.e., Tb(19v), Tb(19h), Tb(22v) and Tb(37v), which were used to retrieve the GSSTF2b bottom-layer (the lowest atmospheric 500 meter layer) precipitable water [WB], then the surface specific humidity [Qa], and subsequently LHF. The SSM/I Tb's trends were recently found mainly due to the variations/trends of Earth incidence angle (EIA) in the SSM/I satellites (Hilburn and Shie 2011a,b). They have further developed an algorithm properly resolving the EIA problem and successfully reproducing the corrected Tb's by genuinely removing the "artifactitious" trends. An upgraded production of GSSTF2c (Shie et al. 2011) using the corrected Tb's has been completed very recently.

GSSTF2c shows a significant improvement in the resultant WB, and subsequently the retrieved LHF - the temporal trends of WB and LHF are greatly reduced after the proper adjustments/treatments in the SSM/I Tb's (Shie and Hilburn 2011). In closing, we believe that the insightful "Rice Cooker Theory" by Shie (2010a,b), i.e., "To produce a good and trustworthy 'output product' (delicious 'cooked rice') depends not only on a well-functioned 'model/algorithm' ('rice cooker'), but also on a genuine and reliable 'input data' ('raw rice') with good quality" should help us better comprehend the impact of the improved Tb on the subsequently retrieved LHF of GSSTF2c.

This is the Daily (24-hour) product; data are projected to equidistant Grid that covers the globe at 1x1 degree cell size, resulting in data arrays of 360x180 size.

A finer resolution, 0.25 deg, of this product has been released as Version 3.

The GSSTF, Version 2c, daily fluxes have first been produced for each individual available SSM/I satellite tapes (e.g., F08, F10, F11, F13, F14 and F15). Then, the Combined daily fluxes are produced by averaging (equally weighted) over available flux data/files from various satellites. These Combined daily flux data are considered as the "final" GSSTF, Version 2c, and are stored in this HDF-EOS5 collection.

There are only one set of GSSTF, Version 2c, Combined data, "Set1"

The "individual" daily flux data files, produced for each individual satellite, are also available in HDF-EOS5, although from different collections:
GSSTF_Fxx_2c, where Fxx are the individual satellites (F08, F10, etc..)

  The input data sets used for this recent GSSTF production include the upgraded and improved datasets such as the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Version-6 (V6) product of brightness temperature [Tb], total precipitable water [W], and wind speed [U] produced by the Wentz of Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), as well as the NCEP/DOE Reanalysis-2 (R2) product of sea skin temperature [SKT], 2-meter air temperature [Tair], and sea level pressure [SLP]. Relevant to this MEaSUREs project, these are converted to HDF-EOS5, and are stored in the GSSTF_NCEP_2c collection. 

  Please use these products with care and proper citations, i.e., properly indicating your applications with, e.g., "using the combined 2001 data file of Set1" or "using the 2001 F13 data file". 

  APPENDIX SET1
  ---------------
  The following list summarizes individual satellites used to produce the Combined SET1. 

  (1) Y1987/:
      F08/
      1987/07-12:  F08  (Note: 1987/12 is filled with missing value due to data scarcity)

  (2) Y1988/:
      F08/
      1988/01-12:  F08

  (3) Y1989/:
      F08/
      1989/01-12:  F08

  (4) Y1990:
      F08/ F10/
      1990/01-12:  F08 (Note: F10 started in 1990/12, but N/A due to data scarcity)

  (5) Y1991/:
      F08/  F10/
      1991/01-12:  F08+F10

  (6) Y1992/:
      F10/  F11/
      1992/01-12:  F10+F11

  (7) Y1993/:
      F10/  F11/
      1993/01-12:  F10+F11

  (8) Y1994/:
      F10/  F11/
      1994/01-12:  F10+F11

  (9) Y1995/:
      F10/  F11/  F13/
      1995/01-12:  01-04: F10+F11
                   05-12: F10+F11+F13

  (10) Y1996/:
       F10/  F11/  F13/
       1996/01-12:  F10+F11+F13

  (11) Y1997/:
       F10/  F11/  F13/  F14/
       1997/01-12:  01-04: F10+F11+F13
                    05/01-11/14: F10+F11+F13+F14
                    11/15-12/31: F11+F13+F14

  (12) Y1998/:
       F11/  F13/  F14/
       1998/01-12:  F11+F13+F14

  (13) Y1999/:
       F11/  F13/  F14/
       1999/01-12:  F11+F13+F14

  (14) Y2000/:
       F11/  F13/  F14/  F15/
       2000/01-12:  01/01-05/16: F11+F13+F14+F15
                    05/17-12/31: F13+F14+F15

  (15) Y2001/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2001/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (16) Y2002/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2002/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (17) Y2003/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2003/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (18) Y2004/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2004/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (19) Y2005/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2005/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (20) Y2006/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2006/01-12: F13+F14 

  (21) Y2007/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2007/01-12: F13+F14 

  (22) Y2008/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2008/01-12: 01-07: F13+F14 
                   08-12: F13 

  Special notes:

    (a) For Y2006, Y2007 and Y2008, the current Combined daily data files do not include the F15 Individual daily data files due to problematic calibration in F15. The Combined daily files will be updated for those three years once an improved set of Individual daily data files are produced using corrected and updated SSM/I F15 input files.

    (b) The current Combined daily data files are produced with at most 4 combined satellites,
         i.e., F10, F11, F13 and F14 for May-Nov 1997,
           and F11, F13, F14 and F15 for Jan-May 2000.

Version Description

Not provided

Product Summary

Platforms
DMSP
Instruments
SSM/I
Spatial Extent

N: 90 S: -90 E: 180 W: -180

Location
GLOBAL OCEAN
Coordinate System
CARTESIAN
Granule Spatial Representation
CARTESIAN
Temporal Extent
1987-07-09 to 2009-01-01
Data Partner
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (formerly Goddard DAAC), Terrestrial Information Systems Laboratory, Earth Sciences Division, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA (NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/TISL/GESDI
Concept ID
C1237113336-GES_DISC
Data State
COMPLETE
Number of Files/Granules
7773
Processing Level
4
Published
Updated
Science Keywords
Sea Level Pressure ,
Air Temperature ,
Skin Temperature ,
Surface Temperature ,
Evaporation ,
Humidity ,
Total Precipitable Water ,
Water Vapor ,
Surface Winds ,
Turbulence ,
Wind Stress ,
Atmospheric Heating ,
Heat Flux ,
Radiative Flux ,
Conduction ,
Evaporation ,
Heat Flux ,
Sea Level Pressure ,
Sea Surface Temperature ,
Surface Winds ,
Turbulence ,
Wind Stress

Citation

Citation is critically important for dataset documentation and discovery. This dataset is openly shared, without restriction, in accordance with the EOSDIS Data Use and Citation Guidance.

Copy Citation

Shie, C.-L., Hilburn, K., Chiu, L. S., Adler, R., Lin, I.-I., Nelkin, E., Ardizzone, J., & Gao, S. (2018). Goddard Satellite-Based Surface Turbulent Fluxes, 1x1 deg Daily Grid, Set1 V2c [Data set]. NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center. https://doi.org/10.5067/MEASURES/GSSTF/DATA314 Date Accessed: 2026-05-27

Documents

Publications Citing This Dataset

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Title Year Author Topic
Atmospheric moisture transports from ocean to land and global energy flows in reanalyses Trenberth, Kevin E., Fasullo, John T., Mackaro, Jessica Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
An inter-comparison of six latent and sensible heat flux products over the Southern Ocean Yu, Lejiang, Zhang, Zhanhai, Zhong, Shiyuan, Zhou, Mingyu, Gao, Zhiqiu, Wu, Huiding, Sun, Bo Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
A newly revived Satellite-based Global air-sea Surface Turbulent Fluxes dataset and its dependence on the SSM/I brightness temperature Shie, Chung-Lin, Hilburn, Kyle Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas: distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre ... Gautam, R., Hsu, N. C., Tsay, S. C., Lau, K. M., Holben, B., Bell, S., Smirnov, A., Li, C., Hansell, R., Ji, Q., Payra, S., Aryal, D., Kayastha, R., Kim, K. M. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Closing the global water vapor budget with AIRS water vapor, MERRA reanalysis, TRMM and GPCP precipitation, and GSSTF surface evaporation Wong, Sun, Fetzer, Eric J., Kahn, Brian H., Tian, Baijun, Lambrigtsen, Bjorn H., Ye, Hengchun Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Intercomparisons of airsea heat fluxes over the Southern Ocean Liu, Jiping, Xiao, Tingyin, Chen, Liqi Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Sampling error of daily mean surface wind speed and air specific humidity due to Sun-synchronous satellite sampling and its reduction by multi-satellite sampling Tomita, H., Kubota, M. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Surface latent heat flux and rainfall associated with rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific Gao, Si, CHIU, Long S. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
A note on reviving the Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes (GSSTF) dataset Shie, Chung-Lin, Chiu, Long S., Adler, Robert, Nelkin, Eric, Lin, I. -I., Xie, Pingping, Wang, Feng-Chin, Chokngamwong, R., Olson, William, Chu, D. Allen Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Evaluation of a satellite-derived latent heat flux product in the South China Sea: A comparison with moored buoy data and various products Zeng, Lili, Shi, Ping, Liu, W. Timothy, Wang, Dongxiao Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Improved multisensor approach to satelliteretrieved nearsurface specific humidity observations Jackson, Darren L., Wick, Gary A., Robertson, Franklin R. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Surface energy, CO2 fluxes and sea ice Gulev, S.K., Josey, S. A., Bourassa, M., Breivik, Lars-Anders, Cronin, M. F., Fairall, Chris, Gille, Sarah, Kent, Elizabeth C., Lee, C. M., McPhaden, Michael J., Monteiro, P. M. S., Schuster, Ute, Smith, S. R., Trenberth, Kevin E., Wallace, Douglas, Woodruff, Scott D. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
A climatology of oceanatmosphere heat flux estimates over the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea: Implications for recent mass coral bleaching events Weller, Evan, Nunez, Manuel, Meyers, Gary, Masiri, Itsara Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Assessment of global annual atmospheric energy balance from satellite observations Lin, Bing, Stackhouse, Paul W., Minnis, Patrick, Wielicki, Bruce A., Hu, Yongxiang, Sun, Wenbo, Fan, TaiFang, Hinkelman, Laura M. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Decadal variations of global energy and ocean heat budget and meridional energy transports inferred from recent global data sets Zhang, Yuanchong, Rossow, William B., Stackhouse, Paul, Romanou, Anastasia, Wielicki, Bruce A. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Assessing a satellite-era perspective of the global water cycle Schlosser, C. Adam, Houser, Paul R. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
GLOBAL SATELLITE DATASETS: DATA AVAILABILITY FOR SCIENTISTS AND OPERATIONAL USERS Vicente, Gilberto A. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Roles of the Indian Ocean in the Australian summer monsoonENSO relationship Wu, Renguang, Kirtman, Ben P. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Comparison of five satellite-derived latent heat flux products to moored buoy data Bourras, Denis Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Local airsea relationship in observations and model simulations Wu, Renguang, Kirtman, Ben P., Pegion, Kathy Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Multi-century simulations with the coupled GISSHYCOM climate model: Control experiments Sun, Shan, Bleck, Rainer Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Surface heat fluxes over global oceans exclusively from satellite observations Singh, Randhir, Kishtawal, C. M., Pal, P. K., Joshi, P. C. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
A new method for estimation of the sensible heat flux under unstable conditions using satellite vector winds Pan, Jiayi, Yan, Xiao-Hai, Jo, Young-Heon, Zheng, Quanan, Liu, W. Timothy Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
A comparison of latent heat fluxes over global oceans for four flux products Chou, Shu-Hsien, Nelkin, Eric, Ardizzone, Joe, Atlas, Robert M. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Improving latent and sensible heat flux estimates for the Atlantic Ocean (198899) by a synthesis approach Yu, Lisan, Weller, Robert A., Sun, Bomin Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
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