Flood plains — the low-lying areas around rivers and other bodies of water — are often characterized by fertile soil and rich biodiversity, which has historically made them excellent areas for human settlement. However, their low elevation and proximity to water also make them susceptible to flooding. 

Heavy rain and strong winds can raise water levels quickly and unpredictably, causing flash floods and strong currents that can damage property and threaten lives. Flood models can help researchers predict when and where floods may occur, allowing local governments and relief groups to prepare and respond quickly.

NASA provides a wide range of products that can help researchers identify and study these vulnerable areas. Digital elevation models — detailed maps of Earth's surface elevation — are the base of flood models, allowing researchers to predict the path rising water might take, as well as how and where it might lead to flood conditions. 

Imagery from missions like Landsat, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) can provide direct observations of flood conditions, helping civic leaders assess the extent and severity of flooding. NASA also supports databases on water bodies and resources, while also providing precipitation measurements such as those from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. 

When combined, these missions and datasets provide robust tools for identifying areas most vulnerable to flooding. This can help first responders prepare for and react to natural disasters, and it can support the development of sustainable, flood-resistant infrastructure.