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Description

These data are the Goddard Satellite-based Surface Turbulent Fluxes Version-2c (GSSTF2c) Dataset recently produced through a MEaSUREs funded project led by Dr. Chung-Lin Shie (UMBC/GEST, NASA/GSFC), converted to HDF-EOS5 format. The stewardship of this HDF-EOS5 dataset is part of the MEaSUREs project.

GSSTF version 2b (Shie et al. 2010, Shie et al. 2009) generally agreed better with available ship measurements obtained from several field experiments in 1999 than GSSTF2 (Chou et al. 2003) did in all three flux components, i.e., latent heat flux [LHF], sensible heat flux [SHF], and wind stress [WST] (Shie 2010a,b). GSSTF2b was also found favorable, particularly for LHF and SHF, in an intercomparison study that accessed eleven products of ocean surface turbulent fluxes, in which GSSTF2 and GSSTF2b were also included (Brunke et al. 2011). However, a temporal trend appeared in the globally averaged LHF of GSSTF2b, particularly post year 2000. Shie (2010a,b) attributed the LHF trend to the trends originally found in the globally averaged SSM/I Tb's, i.e., Tb(19v), Tb(19h), Tb(22v) and Tb(37v), which were used to retrieve the GSSTF2b bottom-layer (the lowest atmospheric 500 meter layer) precipitable water [WB], then the surface specific humidity [Qa], and subsequently LHF. The SSM/I Tb's trends were recently found mainly due to the variations/trends of Earth incidence angle (EIA) in the SSM/I satellites (Hilburn and Shie 2011a,b). They have further developed an algorithm properly resolving the EIA problem and successfully reproducing the corrected Tb's by genuinely removing the "artifactitious" trends. An upgraded production of GSSTF2c (Shie et al. 2011) using the corrected Tb's has been completed very recently.

GSSTF2c shows a significant improvement in the resultant WB, and subsequently the retrieved LHF - the temporal trends of WB and LHF are greatly reduced after the proper adjustments/treatments in the SSM/I Tb's (Shie and Hilburn 2011). In closing, we believe that the insightful "Rice Cooker Theory" by Shie (2010a,b), i.e., "To produce a good and trustworthy 'output product' (delicious 'cooked rice') depends not only on a well-functioned 'model/algorithm' ('rice cooker'), but also on a genuine and reliable 'input data' ('raw rice') with good quality" should help us better comprehend the impact of the improved Tb on the subsequently retrieved LHF of GSSTF2c.

This is the Daily (24-hour) product; data are projected to equidistant Grid that covers the globe at 1x1 degree cell size, resulting in data arrays of 360x180 size.

A finer resolution, 0.25 deg, of this product has been released as Version 3.

The GSSTF, Version 2c, daily fluxes have first been produced for each individual available SSM/I satellite tapes (e.g., F08, F10, F11, F13, F14 and F15). Then, the Combined daily fluxes are produced by averaging (equally weighted) over available flux data/files from various satellites. These Combined daily flux data are considered as the "final" GSSTF, Version 2c, and are stored in this HDF-EOS5 collection.

There are only one set of GSSTF, Version 2c, Combined data, "Set1"

The "individual" daily flux data files, produced for each individual satellite, are also available in HDF-EOS5, although from different collections:
GSSTF_Fxx_2c, where Fxx are the individual satellites (F08, F10, etc..)

  The input data sets used for this recent GSSTF production include the upgraded and improved datasets such as the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) Version-6 (V6) product of brightness temperature [Tb], total precipitable water [W], and wind speed [U] produced by the Wentz of Remote Sensing Systems (RSS), as well as the NCEP/DOE Reanalysis-2 (R2) product of sea skin temperature [SKT], 2-meter air temperature [Tair], and sea level pressure [SLP]. Relevant to this MEaSUREs project, these are converted to HDF-EOS5, and are stored in the GSSTF_NCEP_2c collection. 

  Please use these products with care and proper citations, i.e., properly indicating your applications with, e.g., "using the combined 2001 data file of Set1" or "using the 2001 F13 data file". 

  APPENDIX SET1
  ---------------
  The following list summarizes individual satellites used to produce the Combined SET1. 

  (1) Y1987/:
      F08/
      1987/07-12:  F08  (Note: 1987/12 is filled with missing value due to data scarcity)

  (2) Y1988/:
      F08/
      1988/01-12:  F08

  (3) Y1989/:
      F08/
      1989/01-12:  F08

  (4) Y1990:
      F08/ F10/
      1990/01-12:  F08 (Note: F10 started in 1990/12, but N/A due to data scarcity)

  (5) Y1991/:
      F08/  F10/
      1991/01-12:  F08+F10

  (6) Y1992/:
      F10/  F11/
      1992/01-12:  F10+F11

  (7) Y1993/:
      F10/  F11/
      1993/01-12:  F10+F11

  (8) Y1994/:
      F10/  F11/
      1994/01-12:  F10+F11

  (9) Y1995/:
      F10/  F11/  F13/
      1995/01-12:  01-04: F10+F11
                   05-12: F10+F11+F13

  (10) Y1996/:
       F10/  F11/  F13/
       1996/01-12:  F10+F11+F13

  (11) Y1997/:
       F10/  F11/  F13/  F14/
       1997/01-12:  01-04: F10+F11+F13
                    05/01-11/14: F10+F11+F13+F14
                    11/15-12/31: F11+F13+F14

  (12) Y1998/:
       F11/  F13/  F14/
       1998/01-12:  F11+F13+F14

  (13) Y1999/:
       F11/  F13/  F14/
       1999/01-12:  F11+F13+F14

  (14) Y2000/:
       F11/  F13/  F14/  F15/
       2000/01-12:  01/01-05/16: F11+F13+F14+F15
                    05/17-12/31: F13+F14+F15

  (15) Y2001/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2001/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (16) Y2002/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2002/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (17) Y2003/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2003/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (18) Y2004/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2004/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (19) Y2005/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2005/01-12: F13+F14+F15

  (20) Y2006/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2006/01-12: F13+F14 

  (21) Y2007/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2007/01-12: F13+F14 

  (22) Y2008/:
       F13/  F14/  F15/
       2008/01-12: 01-07: F13+F14 
                   08-12: F13 

  Special notes:

    (a) For Y2006, Y2007 and Y2008, the current Combined daily data files do not include the F15 Individual daily data files due to problematic calibration in F15. The Combined daily files will be updated for those three years once an improved set of Individual daily data files are produced using corrected and updated SSM/I F15 input files.

    (b) The current Combined daily data files are produced with at most 4 combined satellites,
         i.e., F10, F11, F13 and F14 for May-Nov 1997,
           and F11, F13, F14 and F15 for Jan-May 2000.

Version Description

Not provided

Product Summary

Platforms
DMSP
Instruments
SSM/I
Spatial Extent

N: 90 S: -90 E: 180 W: -180

Location
GLOBAL OCEAN
Coordinate System
CARTESIAN
Granule Spatial Representation
CARTESIAN
Temporal Extent
1987-07-09 to 2009-01-01
Data Partner
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (formerly Goddard DAAC), Terrestrial Information Systems Laboratory, Earth Sciences Division, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA (NASA/GSFC/SED/ESD/TISL/GESDI
Concept ID
C1237113336-GES_DISC
Data State
COMPLETE
Number of Files/Granules
7773
Processing Level
4
Published
Updated
Science Keywords
Sea Level Pressure ,
Air Temperature ,
Skin Temperature ,
Surface Temperature ,
Evaporation ,
Humidity ,
Total Precipitable Water ,
Water Vapor ,
Surface Winds ,
Turbulence ,
Wind Stress ,
Atmospheric Heating ,
Heat Flux ,
Radiative Flux ,
Conduction ,
Evaporation ,
Heat Flux ,
Sea Level Pressure ,
Sea Surface Temperature ,
Surface Winds ,
Turbulence ,
Wind Stress

Citation

Citation is critically important for dataset documentation and discovery. This dataset is openly shared, without restriction, in accordance with the EOSDIS Data Use and Citation Guidance.

Copy Citation

Shie, C.-L., Hilburn, K., Chiu, L. S., Adler, R., Lin, I.-I., Nelkin, E., Ardizzone, J., & Gao, S. (2018). Goddard Satellite-Based Surface Turbulent Fluxes, 1x1 deg Daily Grid, Set1 V2c [Data set]. NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center. https://doi.org/10.5067/MEASURES/GSSTF/DATA314 Date Accessed: 2026-05-27

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Publications Citing This Dataset

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Title Year Author Topic
An improved near-surface specific humidity and air temperature climatology for the SSM/I satellite period Jin, Xiangze, Yu, Lisan, Jackson, Darren L., Wick, Gary A. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Spatial-temporal variation characteristics of global evaporation revealed by eight reanalyses Su, Tao, Feng, GuoLin Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Consistency of estimated global water cycle variations over the satellite era Robertson, F. R., Bosilovich, M. G., Roberts, J. B., Reichle, R. H., Adler, R., Ricciardulli, L., Berg, W., Huffman, G. J. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Estimating the global oceanic net freshwater flux from A rgo and comparing it with satellitebased freshwater flux products Ren, Li, Hackert, Eric, Arkin, Phillip, Busalacchi, Antonio J. Total Surface Precipitation Rate, Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Assessment of various global freshwater flux products for the global ice-free oceans Iwasaki, Shinsuke, Kubota, Masahisa, Watabe, Tsuyoshi Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
An assessment of atmospheric water budget components over tropical oceans Brown, Paula J., Kummerow, Christian D. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Local balance and variability of atmospheric heat budget over oceans: Observation and reanalysis-based estimates Wong, Sun, LEcuyer, Tristan S., Olson, William S., Jiang, Xianan, Fetzer, Eric J. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
On the net surface water exchange rate estimated from remote-sensing observation and reanalysis Behrangi, Ali, Wong, Sun, Mallick, Kaniska, Fisher, Joshua B. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Assessing high-resolution analysis of surface heat fluxes in the Gulf Jin, Xiangze, Yu, Lisan Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Ocean Heat Transport Macdonald, Alison M., Baringer, Molly O. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
The effect of diurnal sea surface temperature warming on climatological airsea fluxes Clayson, Carol Anne, Bogdanoff, Alec S. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Trends and variations of ocean surface latent heat flux: Results from GSSTF2c data set Gao, Si, Chiu, Long S., Shie, ChungLin Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Atmospheric water balance over oceanic regions as estimated from satellite, merged, and reanalysis data Park, HyoJin, Shin, DongBin, Yoo, JungMoon Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Cloud-State-Dependent Sampling in AIRS Observations Based on CloudSat Cloud Classification Yue, Qing, Fetzer, Eric J., Kahn, Brian H., Wong, Sun, Manipon, Gerald, Guillaume, Alexandre, Wilson, Brian Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Contributions of individual atmospheric diabatic heating processes to the generation of available potential energy Romanski, Joy, Rossow, William B. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Climate-Scale Oceanic Rainfall Based on Passive Microwave Radiometry Chiu, Long S., Gao, Si, Shin, Dong-Bin Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Evaluation of nearsurface air temperature and specific humidity from hybrid global products and their impact on latent heat flux in the North Indian Ocean Rahaman, H., Ravichandran, M. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Exchanges through the ocean surface Josey, Simon A., Gulev, Serge, Yu, Lisan Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Simulations of the eastern North Pacific intraseasonal variability in CMIP5 GCMs Jiang, Xianan, Maloney, Eric D., Li, Jui-Lin F., Waliser, Duane E. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Satellite-based ocean surface turbulent fluxes Chiu, Long S., Gao, Si, Shie, Chung-Lin Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Improvement in airsea flux estimates derived from satellite observations Bentamy, Abderrahim, Grodsky, Semyon A., Katsaros, Kristina, Mestas-Nunez, Alberto M., Blanke, Bruno, Desbiolles, Fabien Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Challenges and opportunities in the hydrologic sciences Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Characterization of turbulent latent and sensible heat flux exchange between the atmosphere and ocean in MERRA Roberts, J. Brent, Robertson, Franklin R., Clayson, Carol A., Bosilovich, Michael G. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Oceanic Evaporation: Trends and Variability S., Long, Gao, Si, Shie, Chung-Lin Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
Differences between two estimates of airsea turbulent heat fluxes over the Atlantic Ocean Santorelli, A., Pinker, R. T., Bentamy, A., Katsaros, K. B., Drennan, W. M., Mestas-Nunez, A. M., Carton, J. A. Sea Level Pressure, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Surface Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Water Vapor, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress, Atmospheric Heating, Heat Flux, Radiative Flux, Conduction, Evaporation, Heat Flux, Sea Level Pressure, Sea Surface Temperature, Surface Winds, Turbulence, Wind Stress
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